Classical Mechanics: Lecture 1 Notes

Overview

Great!  A European is teaching this class.  This is a 38 minute lecture introducing units and a scaling argument for animals.  Please note that this scaling argument is just like the method of removing dimensions, as we learned in chemical engineering. 

Details

No fluff today, this guy gets right into it.  Good stuff. 

Fundamental units are length in meters, time in seconds, and weight in kilograms.  All other units can be derived from these. 

Derived units include the month, the pound, the acre, and so on. 

[ ] means “units of. “

Every measurement has uncertainty.  Any measurement without its uncertainty is meaningless. 

For the femur:

Length = k x size

Mass = k x (length)^3

Pressure = k x weight/area

Mass = k x (diameter)^2

**He treats the thickness of the femus as a cylinder with radius r and diameter 2r.  **

(Diameter) ^ 2 = k x (length)^3

He measured the length and thickness of the femur’s of a bunch of animals.  He found no clear relationship between the two variables and the various sizes.  He should have taken our chemical engineering series and he would have learned how to do it. 

Dimensional Analysis

The units on both sides of an equation must be the same.

Here is a promotional video of our professor in this class.  Quite a comedian he is:

Review

B cells structure, T cells sequence.

Bone: spongy, compact

Biology: evolution, energy, information, systems

Evolution: drift, selection, mutation, migration, inbreeding

n = K liquid (C gas/H – C liquid)

Yagi Antenna – Unidirectional, high gain, 9.07 dBi, spacing, number of elements

E + S = ES = EP = E + P

A index: Long term stability of the Earth’s geomagnetic field

Z index: Short term stability of the Earth’s geomagnetic field

V = IR

Re = pUH/u

2s 6p 10d 14f

Accumulation = Rate In – Rate Out

Germ layers: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm/neural crest

Extraembryological layers: Amnion, Yolk Sac, Allantois, Chorion

Types of tissue repair: fibrosis, regeneration

Levels of theory: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population Muscle: skeletal, smooth, cardiac

PV = nRT

Fibrous eye layer: sclera, cornea

Vascular eye layer: pupil, iris, ciliary body, choroid

Sensory: retina

Interior layers of the eye: retina, choroid, sclera

Brain layers: DAP dia mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

conjectiva – highly vascular, thin layer, mucus membrane

Edge of objects, light intensity and contrast are affected by horizontal and amacrine cells.

Fast pain from myelinated fibers, slow pain from unmyelinated fibers

Cell to Cell Communication from short distance to longest: autocrine, juxtacrine, paracrine, endocrine.

Tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

G = H-TS

K = products/reactants

Brain: diencephalon, brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum

Merkel discs – pressure, light touch

Two cells that improve contrast, edges and light intensity are amacrine and horizontal cells.

Taste buds from cranial nerve 9, 10,7.

Layers of the spinal cord: DAPer Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, and Pia mater.

Brain Waves from fast to slow: alpha, beta, theta, delta

G = H-TS

Blood: RBCs, WBCs, plasma, platelets

K = Products/Reactants

G = -8T lnK

PV = nRT

Muscle: Smooth, Cardiac, Smooth

S P D F – 2s, 6p, 10d, 14f

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) makes proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) makes lipids

Macromolecules: Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates

A Brief Course in Immunology: Lecture 6 Notes

Overview

This is no doubt the hardest class we have seen yet.  Immunology is a jargon driven area, far worse than mathematics.  Hang tough, this is probably one of the most difficult subjects on Earth.  This article is a good primer:

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B/B_and_Tcells.html

Today’s lecture is 58 minutes long and is on the humoral immune response.  Again, you won’t understand every word.  Collect what you can.

Details

For B cells to make antibodies efficiently, they must interact with T cells.  B cells die with no antigens around.

T cells mature in the thymus.

There is a tradeoff between binding affinity and binding sites.  The higher affinity, one can use fewer sites.  The lower the affinity, the more sites are needed.

The Neutralization of Viruses

1 B cell binds virus through the viral coat protein

2 Virus particle is internalized and degraded

3 Peptides from the internal proteins of the virus are presented to T cells, which activates the B cell

4 Activated B cell produces antibody against viral coat protein

Bacterial cell walls are made of polysaccharides.  Polysaccharides as an antigen have no peptides, therefore they cannot get into MHC molecules.  You can only make IGM.  IGM binds to bacteria.  IGM is not transported across the placenta.  IGM is a huge molecule.

IGM and IGA are polymeric, increasing their affinity.  T cells secrete different cytokines.

Antibodies are y shaped molecules.  They hunt down and bind to antigens.  Macrophages have FC receptors, so if an antigen has antibodies attached, they bind tighter to the FC receptors.

Without AID, you can’t attack any isotypes.  You’d only have IGM.  This is called hyper IGM syndrome.

Review

Biology: evolution, energy, information, systems

Evolution: drift, selection, mutation, migration, inbreeding

n = K liquid (C gas/H – C liquid)

Yagi Antenna – Unidirectional, high gain, 9.07 dBi, spacing, number of elements

E + S = ES = EP = E + P

A index: Long term stability of the Earth’s geomagnetic field

Z index: Short term stability of the Earth’s geomagnetic field

V = IR

Re = pUH/u

2s 6p 10d 14f

Accumulation = Rate In – Rate Out

Germ layers: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm/neural crest

Extraembryological layers: Amnion, Yolk Sac, Allantois, Chorion

Types of tissue repair: fibrosis, regeneration

Levels of theory: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population Muscle: skeletal, smooth, cardiac

PV = nRT

Fibrous eye layer: sclera, cornea

Vascular eye layer: pupil, iris, ciliary body, choroid

Sensory: retina

Interior layers of the eye: retina, choroid, sclera

Brain layers: DAP dia mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

conjectiva – highly vascular, thin layer, mucus membrane

Edge of objects, light intensity and contrast are affected by horizontal and amacrine cells.

Fast pain from myelinated fibers, slow pain from unmyelinated fibers

Cell to Cell Communication from short distance to longest: autocrine, juxtacrine, paracrine, endocrine.

Tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

G = H-TS

K = products/reactants

Brain: diencephalon, brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum

Merkel discs – pressure, light touch

Two cells that improve contrast, edges and light intensity are amacrine and horizontal cells.

Taste buds from cranial nerve 9, 10,7.

Layers of the spinal cord: DAPer Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, and Pia mater.

Brain Waves from fast to slow: alpha, beta, theta, delta

G = H-TS

Blood: RBCs, WBCs, plasma, platelets

K = Products/Reactants

G = -8T lnK

PV = nRT

Muscle: Smooth, Cardiac, Smooth

S P D F – 2s, 6p, 10d, 14f

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) makes proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) makes lipids

Macromolecules: Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates

Physics I Classical Mechanics: Lecture 1

Physics I: Classical Mechanics:

This is our official new lecture series.

Note that any measurement you make without any regard to its certainty is meaningless.

Length=m, L

Time= sec, T

Mass= Kg, M

Speed= L/T

Volume= L^3=

Density=M/L^3

Why are animals as big as they are and not bigger?

m/d^2= The strength of bones is dependent on mass. So if mass goes up 4 times, density must go up 4d^2 times.

The thickness of a femur l^(3/2)

d/l=d^1/2

The thickness (d/l) must= half the mass.

Dimensional Analysis:

H= height

T=time

Gravity=G^ɣ

If you drop an apple from a height:

If you drop it from a changed height, the time increases. There t=h^ᾶ

If the mass (m), it is proportional to the power of m^β

[T]^1= [L]^ᾶ*[M]^β* [L/[t^2ɣ]]^ɣ

(Note: [L/[t^2]]^ɣ is acceleration)

ɣ+ᾶ= 0

β=0

1=-2ɣ

ɣ=-1/2, so ᾶ is  1/2

Therefore, the time it takes something to fall

T=C* (h/g)^(1/2)=H^(1/2)

The time it takes for an object to fall is independent of its mass.

T1/t2= proportional amount of time.

A Brief Course in Immunology: Lecture 5 Notes

Overview

Aha!  A shorter lecture today at 42 minutes long.  This talk is on B cell receptors.  One thing that these video makers need to do is to focus on the material rather than following the teacher around.   Yes, the guy is very beautiful but there is no need to be zoomed in on the teacher when we are there for the notes, which are overhead.

Details

How can we cover all possible antigens?

Antibody molecules use different molecules to prevent infection.  Antibody level and binding affinity is affected by immunization.  Antibodies have a sort of y shaped topology.

The light chain is on the arms of the “y”.  There is a variable region with a hypervariable region.

There are two segments, heavy and light chains.  The light chains have kappa and lambda regions.  There are VDJ or variable, diverse, and joining segments as well.

The total diversity of immunoglobulin is 50 trillion.  T cell variation is 10^18.

There is a primary, secondary and tertiary response.  CDR 1, 2, and 3 are the hypervariable regions.  Binding affinity tends to increase with time.

From a pluripotent stem cell to a pre B cell, to mature B cell, activation, binding, then selection, from there, memory B cell/plasma B cell/anergic B cell/ephophone B cell.    The enzyme AID helps create the mutations critical for diversity.  AID is activation induced cytidine deaminase.

Somatic hypermutation rates.  0.1 error prone polymerases.  .001 high fidelity polmerases.  0.0000001 proofreading errors and 0.00000000001 mismatch repair.  Consequences range from death to cancer to health.
 Review

Biology: evolution, energy, information, systems

Evolution: drift, selection, mutation, migration, inbreeding

n = K liquid (C gas/H – C liquid)

Yagi Antenna – Unidirectional, high gain, 9.07 dBi, spacing, number of elements

E + S = ES = EP = E + P

A index: Long term stability of the Earth’s geomagnetic field

Z index: Short term stability of the Earth’s geomagnetic field

V = IR

Re = pUH/u

2s 6p 10d 14f

Accumulation = Rate In – Rate Out

Germ layers: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm/neural crest

Extraembryological layers: Amnion, Yolk Sac, Allantois, Chorion

Types of tissue repair: fibrosis, regeneration

Levels of theory: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population Muscle: skeletal, smooth, cardiac

PV = nRT

Fibrous eye layer: sclera, cornea

Vascular eye layer: pupil, iris, ciliary body, choroid

Sensory: retina

Interior layers of the eye: retina, choroid, sclera

Brain layers: DAP dia mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

conjectiva – highly vascular, thin layer, mucus membrane

Edge of objects, light intensity and contrast are affected by horizontal and amacrine cells.

Fast pain from myelinated fibers, slow pain from unmyelinated fibers

Cell to Cell Communication from short distance to longest: autocrine, juxtacrine, paracrine, endocrine.

Tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

G = H-TS

K = products/reactants

Brain: diencephalon, brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum

Merkel discs – pressure, light touch

Two cells that improve contrast, edges and light intensity are amacrine and horizontal cells.

Taste buds from cranial nerve 9, 10,7.

Layers of the spinal cord: DAPer Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, and Pia mater.

Brain Waves from fast to slow: alpha, beta, theta, delta

G = H-TS

Blood: RBCs, WBCs, plasma, platelets

K = Products/Reactants

G = -8T lnK

PV = nRT

Muscle: Smooth, Cardiac, Smooth

S P D F – 2s, 6p, 10d, 14f

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) makes proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) makes lipids

Macromolecules: Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates

A Brief Course in Immunology: Lecture 4 Notes

Overview

Yes, our kosher friend returns today for another lecture.  Keep in mind -  the lecture series is occurring all in a day or two.  Today’s offering is 58 minutes of joy on antigen presentation to T lymphocytes.

I can’t go on without mentioning how fast this guy talks.  He’s a New York Jew, so he takes auctioneering to a new level.  I seriously think he’s on some sort of amphetamine.  He’s talking almost as fast as he can and gets out of breath.  I just read the slides, when the camera person decides to focus on the material instead of the teacher.  This isn’t the old days when they used chalk – there is no need to watch the presenter so intently.

Details

***The teacher is blasting today, as always.  You will not understand everything he says. ***

MHC 1 bind to CD8.  MHC 2 bind to CH4.  To remember this, 1*8 = 2*4

Homodimers have two same chains.  Heterodimers have two different chains.

Class 1 MHC molecules can present a diverse yet limited number of peptides about 9 amino acids long.

Class 1 MHCs have an alpha chain and beta 2 microglobulin structure.  The peptide size is 9 AAs.  THe peptide must be within the cleft.  The peptide must be tightly bound with a high binding affinity.  The T cell interaction is CD8 + T Cell.

Class 2 MHCs have an alpha chain and beta chain.  They are 15 AAs long.  The ends of the peptide can be dangling outside of the cleft, like a hotdog from a bun.  The binding affinity is very loose, and the T cell interaction is CD4  + T cell.

Cells contain two intracellular compartments: The vesicle which DOES communicate with the extracellular fluid and the cytosol which does not.

From In to Out: Nucleolus, nucleus, SER, RER, GA, transport vesicle, permeable membrane.

Peptides presented by MHC class 1 molecules are derived from intracellular proteins.

The phagolysosome generates different sized peptides from proteins.  Like slicing bread.

With MHC 1, the peptide source is endogenous, peptide loading is ER, antigen derived peprides are used for folding, CD8 + T cell, death.

With MHC 2, exogenous, endosome, CLIP peptide, CD4 + T cell, action.

Today we can quantify antigen specific T cells.

Toxic shock syndrome.  Superantigens binds to MHC and T cell receptor, like superglue.  A cytokine storm.  Autoimmune destruction.  The rely tampon allowed bacteria to grow very efficiently.

By the way, if the class has no questions – they don’t understand.  You’re going to fast.  All teachers should know this.  It means you’ve blasted away and the students are just catching up.

Review

Biology: evolution, energy, information, systems

Evolution: drift, selection, mutation, migration, inbreeding

n = K liquid (C gas/H – C liquid)

Yagi Antenna – Unidirectional, high gain, 9.07 dBi, spacing, number of elements

E + S = ES = EP = E + P

A index: Long term stability of the Earth’s geomagnetic field

Z index: Short term stability of the Earth’s geomagnetic field

V = IR

Re = pUH/u

2s 6p 10d 14f

Accumulation = Rate In – Rate Out

Germ layers: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm/neural crest

Extraembryological layers: Amnion, Yolk Sac, Allantois, Chorion

Types of tissue repair: fibrosis, regeneration

Levels of theory: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population Muscle: skeletal, smooth, cardiac

PV = nRT

Fibrous eye layer: sclera, cornea

Vascular eye layer: pupil, iris, ciliary body, choroid

Sensory: retina

Interior layers of the eye: retina, choroid, sclera

Brain layers: DAP dia mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

conjectiva – highly vascular, thin layer, mucus membrane

Edge of objects, light intensity and contrast are affected by horizontal and amacrine cells.

Fast pain from myelinated fibers, slow pain from unmyelinated fibers

Cell to Cell Communication from short distance to longest: autocrine, juxtacrine, paracrine, endocrine.

Tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

G = H-TS

K = products/reactants

Brain: diencephalon, brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum

Merkel discs – pressure, light touch

Two cells that improve contrast, edges and light intensity are amacrine and horizontal cells.

Taste buds from cranial nerve 9, 10,7.

Layers of the spinal cord: DAPer Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, and Pia mater.

Brain Waves from fast to slow: alpha, beta, theta, delta

G = H-TS

Blood: RBCs, WBCs, plasma, platelets

K = Products/Reactants

G = -8T lnK

PV = nRT

Muscle: Smooth, Cardiac, Smooth

S P D F – 2s, 6p, 10d, 14f

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) makes proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) makes lipids

Macromolecules: Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates

If An Eight Year Old Can Do it, So Can You

Today I was tutoring an eight year old and he watched and learned the material in this short video.  It is only nine minutes long.  Of all of the wasteful things you did with your day, certainly you can spare nine minutes to educate yourself and handle the same workload as an eight year old.  Watch this short video on Biology and leave a comment when you’re done to let us know that you completed it.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ibhnP5suqK8

A Review of “House of Games”

Boy, do I love this movie.  I’ve “watched” it in another window several times by now.  This movie will re-introduce modern viewers to the oldest game in the book, the con game.

This is so important.  We like to think that we are above it all today – facebook, computers, magical cell phone convince us that we live in a more enlightened age.  The hustle, flim flam artists and con men are all in the past.  Buzzt!  Wrong!

Facebook just released their IPO.  The IPO hustle works like this.  A publicity company pumps the stock hard.  The public salivates at the thought of getting a piece of the action.  You can’t con an honest, logical man; the public is dripping with emotion, dreaming about those castles in the sky, all the money they’re going to make.  The insiders make their money selling stock to the public.  So the price jumps briefly, the insiders sell near the top, then when it cools off, Joe Public’s holding the bag.  Almost the entire stock market is like this in some way.  I prefer casinos - there at least, one can calculate odds with some confidence.

http://www.absolutewealth.com/a-facebook-world/

This movie is about a female psychologist who merely observes life.  She’s professional but is very pent up.  She’s got a secret desire to become more involved in her own life, to experience some danger.  After one patient calls her on it, she decides to help him out by renegotiating a marker.  She’s very curious and can’t stay away.  Eventually, she becomes a mark too.  You’ll love it.  It’s free but costs 102 minutes of your time:

http://www.gsmovies.com/movie.php?id=7430

The hustle in the beginning is good.  She walks into a poolroom, asking for Mike.  Mike comes in, blustering.  She’s the noob in the place, so she’s the mark.  On pretense, he briefly enters the card game again, giving a signal.  Then he asks her to help him read a guy’s tells.  But they lied to her, and because she’s invested and Mike lost money, she writes a check for 6 grand to cover the debt.

This movie is from 1987, the last decade of white culture.  Maybe one negro in the whole damn movie.  If you pay attention to detail, perhaps even watching it several times, you will profit.  Oftentimes it takes watching a movie 10 times or so to really absorb everything, as I have done with this and other films.  If you have an interest in human nature and dealing with people, this is highly recommended.