A Brief Course in Immunology: Lecture 5 Notes

Overview

Aha!  A shorter lecture today at 42 minutes long.  This talk is on B cell receptors.  One thing that these video makers need to do is to focus on the material rather than following the teacher around.   Yes, the guy is very beautiful but there is no need to be zoomed in on the teacher when we are there for the notes, which are overhead.

Details

How can we cover all possible antigens?

Antibody molecules use different molecules to prevent infection.  Antibody level and binding affinity is affected by immunization.  Antibodies have a sort of y shaped topology.

The light chain is on the arms of the “y”.  There is a variable region with a hypervariable region.

There are two segments, heavy and light chains.  The light chains have kappa and lambda regions.  There are VDJ or variable, diverse, and joining segments as well.

The total diversity of immunoglobulin is 50 trillion.  T cell variation is 10^18.

There is a primary, secondary and tertiary response.  CDR 1, 2, and 3 are the hypervariable regions.  Binding affinity tends to increase with time.

From a pluripotent stem cell to a pre B cell, to mature B cell, activation, binding, then selection, from there, memory B cell/plasma B cell/anergic B cell/ephophone B cell.    The enzyme AID helps create the mutations critical for diversity.  AID is activation induced cytidine deaminase.

Somatic hypermutation rates.  0.1 error prone polymerases.  .001 high fidelity polmerases.  0.0000001 proofreading errors and 0.00000000001 mismatch repair.  Consequences range from death to cancer to health.
 Review

Biology: evolution, energy, information, systems

Evolution: drift, selection, mutation, migration, inbreeding

n = K liquid (C gas/H – C liquid)

Yagi Antenna – Unidirectional, high gain, 9.07 dBi, spacing, number of elements

E + S = ES = EP = E + P

A index: Long term stability of the Earth’s geomagnetic field

Z index: Short term stability of the Earth’s geomagnetic field

V = IR

Re = pUH/u

2s 6p 10d 14f

Accumulation = Rate In – Rate Out

Germ layers: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm/neural crest

Extraembryological layers: Amnion, Yolk Sac, Allantois, Chorion

Types of tissue repair: fibrosis, regeneration

Levels of theory: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population Muscle: skeletal, smooth, cardiac

PV = nRT

Fibrous eye layer: sclera, cornea

Vascular eye layer: pupil, iris, ciliary body, choroid

Sensory: retina

Interior layers of the eye: retina, choroid, sclera

Brain layers: DAP dia mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

conjectiva – highly vascular, thin layer, mucus membrane

Edge of objects, light intensity and contrast are affected by horizontal and amacrine cells.

Fast pain from myelinated fibers, slow pain from unmyelinated fibers

Cell to Cell Communication from short distance to longest: autocrine, juxtacrine, paracrine, endocrine.

Tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

G = H-TS

K = products/reactants

Brain: diencephalon, brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum

Merkel discs – pressure, light touch

Two cells that improve contrast, edges and light intensity are amacrine and horizontal cells.

Taste buds from cranial nerve 9, 10,7.

Layers of the spinal cord: DAPer Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, and Pia mater.

Brain Waves from fast to slow: alpha, beta, theta, delta

G = H-TS

Blood: RBCs, WBCs, plasma, platelets

K = Products/Reactants

G = -8T lnK

PV = nRT

Muscle: Smooth, Cardiac, Smooth

S P D F – 2s, 6p, 10d, 14f

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) makes proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) makes lipids

Macromolecules: Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates

A Brief Course in Immunology: Lecture 4 Notes

Overview

Yes, our kosher friend returns today for another lecture.  Keep in mind -  the lecture series is occurring all in a day or two.  Today’s offering is 58 minutes of joy on antigen presentation to T lymphocytes.

I can’t go on without mentioning how fast this guy talks.  He’s a New York Jew, so he takes auctioneering to a new level.  I seriously think he’s on some sort of amphetamine.  He’s talking almost as fast as he can and gets out of breath.  I just read the slides, when the camera person decides to focus on the material instead of the teacher.  This isn’t the old days when they used chalk – there is no need to watch the presenter so intently.

Details

***The teacher is blasting today, as always.  You will not understand everything he says. ***

MHC 1 bind to CD8.  MHC 2 bind to CH4.  To remember this, 1*8 = 2*4

Homodimers have two same chains.  Heterodimers have two different chains.

Class 1 MHC molecules can present a diverse yet limited number of peptides about 9 amino acids long.

Class 1 MHCs have an alpha chain and beta 2 microglobulin structure.  The peptide size is 9 AAs.  THe peptide must be within the cleft.  The peptide must be tightly bound with a high binding affinity.  The T cell interaction is CD8 + T Cell.

Class 2 MHCs have an alpha chain and beta chain.  They are 15 AAs long.  The ends of the peptide can be dangling outside of the cleft, like a hotdog from a bun.  The binding affinity is very loose, and the T cell interaction is CD4  + T cell.

Cells contain two intracellular compartments: The vesicle which DOES communicate with the extracellular fluid and the cytosol which does not.

From In to Out: Nucleolus, nucleus, SER, RER, GA, transport vesicle, permeable membrane.

Peptides presented by MHC class 1 molecules are derived from intracellular proteins.

The phagolysosome generates different sized peptides from proteins.  Like slicing bread.

With MHC 1, the peptide source is endogenous, peptide loading is ER, antigen derived peprides are used for folding, CD8 + T cell, death.

With MHC 2, exogenous, endosome, CLIP peptide, CD4 + T cell, action.

Today we can quantify antigen specific T cells.

Toxic shock syndrome.  Superantigens binds to MHC and T cell receptor, like superglue.  A cytokine storm.  Autoimmune destruction.  The rely tampon allowed bacteria to grow very efficiently.

By the way, if the class has no questions – they don’t understand.  You’re going to fast.  All teachers should know this.  It means you’ve blasted away and the students are just catching up.

Review

Biology: evolution, energy, information, systems

Evolution: drift, selection, mutation, migration, inbreeding

n = K liquid (C gas/H – C liquid)

Yagi Antenna – Unidirectional, high gain, 9.07 dBi, spacing, number of elements

E + S = ES = EP = E + P

A index: Long term stability of the Earth’s geomagnetic field

Z index: Short term stability of the Earth’s geomagnetic field

V = IR

Re = pUH/u

2s 6p 10d 14f

Accumulation = Rate In – Rate Out

Germ layers: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm/neural crest

Extraembryological layers: Amnion, Yolk Sac, Allantois, Chorion

Types of tissue repair: fibrosis, regeneration

Levels of theory: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population Muscle: skeletal, smooth, cardiac

PV = nRT

Fibrous eye layer: sclera, cornea

Vascular eye layer: pupil, iris, ciliary body, choroid

Sensory: retina

Interior layers of the eye: retina, choroid, sclera

Brain layers: DAP dia mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

conjectiva – highly vascular, thin layer, mucus membrane

Edge of objects, light intensity and contrast are affected by horizontal and amacrine cells.

Fast pain from myelinated fibers, slow pain from unmyelinated fibers

Cell to Cell Communication from short distance to longest: autocrine, juxtacrine, paracrine, endocrine.

Tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

G = H-TS

K = products/reactants

Brain: diencephalon, brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum

Merkel discs – pressure, light touch

Two cells that improve contrast, edges and light intensity are amacrine and horizontal cells.

Taste buds from cranial nerve 9, 10,7.

Layers of the spinal cord: DAPer Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, and Pia mater.

Brain Waves from fast to slow: alpha, beta, theta, delta

G = H-TS

Blood: RBCs, WBCs, plasma, platelets

K = Products/Reactants

G = -8T lnK

PV = nRT

Muscle: Smooth, Cardiac, Smooth

S P D F – 2s, 6p, 10d, 14f

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) makes proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) makes lipids

Macromolecules: Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates

If An Eight Year Old Can Do it, So Can You

Today I was tutoring an eight year old and he watched and learned the material in this short video.  It is only nine minutes long.  Of all of the wasteful things you did with your day, certainly you can spare nine minutes to educate yourself and handle the same workload as an eight year old.  Watch this short video on Biology and leave a comment when you’re done to let us know that you completed it.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ibhnP5suqK8

A Review of “House of Games”

Boy, do I love this movie.  I’ve “watched” it in another window several times by now.  This movie will re-introduce modern viewers to the oldest game in the book, the con game.

This is so important.  We like to think that we are above it all today – facebook, computers, magical cell phone convince us that we live in a more enlightened age.  The hustle, flim flam artists and con men are all in the past.  Buzzt!  Wrong!

Facebook just released their IPO.  The IPO hustle works like this.  A publicity company pumps the stock hard.  The public salivates at the thought of getting a piece of the action.  You can’t con an honest, logical man; the public is dripping with emotion, dreaming about those castles in the sky, all the money they’re going to make.  The insiders make their money selling stock to the public.  So the price jumps briefly, the insiders sell near the top, then when it cools off, Joe Public’s holding the bag.  Almost the entire stock market is like this in some way.  I prefer casinos - there at least, one can calculate odds with some confidence.

http://www.absolutewealth.com/a-facebook-world/

This movie is about a female psychologist who merely observes life.  She’s professional but is very pent up.  She’s got a secret desire to become more involved in her own life, to experience some danger.  After one patient calls her on it, she decides to help him out by renegotiating a marker.  She’s very curious and can’t stay away.  Eventually, she becomes a mark too.  You’ll love it.  It’s free but costs 102 minutes of your time:

http://www.gsmovies.com/movie.php?id=7430

The hustle in the beginning is good.  She walks into a poolroom, asking for Mike.  Mike comes in, blustering.  She’s the noob in the place, so she’s the mark.  On pretense, he briefly enters the card game again, giving a signal.  Then he asks her to help him read a guy’s tells.  But they lied to her, and because she’s invested and Mike lost money, she writes a check for 6 grand to cover the debt.

This movie is from 1987, the last decade of white culture.  Maybe one negro in the whole damn movie.  If you pay attention to detail, perhaps even watching it several times, you will profit.  Oftentimes it takes watching a movie 10 times or so to really absorb everything, as I have done with this and other films.  If you have an interest in human nature and dealing with people, this is highly recommended.

A Brief Course in Immunology: Lecture 3 Notes

Overview

This teacher is a New York Jew.  Wow, he even wears one of those little hats that don’t fit.  This is a 50 minute lecture on antigen recognition.  He is playing the auctioneer big time.  You will not catch everything he says, I guarantee it.  It turns out that this class is occuring all in one or two days, which little mini breaks between segments.  They aren’t learning everything as well.  Just do what you can.

Details

How do B and T cells see antigens?

When you don’t know something, you trivialize it.  Monocytes and macrophages are critical to the immune process.  Phagocytosis by macrophages, macrophages as the garbage trucks of the cell, picking up garbage.  Afterward is a sort of burping process.

Macrophages are a key cell in B/T cell immunition.  Androgen presenting cell from macrophages is like going from garbage men to sanitation engineers.

The two types of antigen presenting cells are macrophages and dentritic cells.

Macrophages engage in phagocytosis and activate bacterial mechanisms.  Dendritic cells assist in antigen uptake in peripheral sites.

The phagocytic cell can eat the antigen.  It needs activation from T cells.

No infection, cells are not activated.  The tradeoff is mobilization speed versus energy expenditure.

An infected macrophage is recognized by a T cell

A mouse needs to be protected from TB.  You can transfer cells to save its life.  Activated monocytes, T cells or B cells?

T cells are more important than B cells.

B and T cells use differsent antigen specific receptors.

You cannot have a gene for every receptor.

The second time an antigen is seen, there is an amplified respon

MHC class 1 has 1 foot and MCH class 2 has two feet.

CD4 is a helper cell, CD8 is a terminator cell.

Some T cells kill and others assist.

Review

n = K liquid (C gas/H – C liquid)

Yagi Antenna – Unidirectional, high gain, 9.07 dBi, spacing, number of elements

E + S = ES = EP = E + P

A index: Long term stability of the Earth’s geomagnetic field

Z index: Short term stability of the Earth’s geomagnetic field

V = IR

Re = pUH/u

2s 6p 10d 14f

Accumulation = Rate In – Rate Out

Germ layers: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm/neural crest

Extraembryological layers: Amnion, Yolk Sac, Allantois, Chorion

Types of tissue repair: fibrosis, regeneration

Levels of theory: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population Muscle: skeletal, smooth, cardiac

PV = nRT

Fibrous eye layer: sclera, cornea

Vascular eye layer: pupil, iris, ciliary body, choroid

Sensory: retina

Interior layers of the eye: retina, choroid, sclera

Brain layers: DAP dia mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

conjectiva – highly vascular, thin layer, mucus membrane

Edge of objects, light intensity and contrast are affected by horizontal and amacrine cells.

Fast pain from myelinated fibers, slow pain from unmyelinated fibers

Cell to Cell Communication from short distance to longest: autocrine, juxtacrine, paracrine, endocrine.

Tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

G = H-TS

K = products/reactants

Brain: diencephalon, brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum

Merkel discs – pressure, light touch

Two cells that improve contrast, edges and light intensity are amacrine and horizontal cells.

Taste buds from cranial nerve 9, 10,7.

Layers of the spinal cord: DAPer Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, and Pia mater.

Brain Waves from fast to slow: alpha, beta, theta, delta

G = H-TS

Blood: RBCs, WBCs, plasma, platelets

K = Products/Reactants

G = -8T lnK

PV = nRT

Muscle: Smooth, Cardiac, Smooth

S P D F – 2s, 6p, 10d, 14f

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) makes proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) makes lipids

Macromolecules: Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates

 

A Brief Course in Immunology: Lecture 2 Notes

Overview

This is some hard material.  Immunology is a jargon driven field, more so than most of biology.  Do what you can, don’t stress yourself if you do not absorb all the material the first time out.

Today is a 57 minute lecture which is another overview of the immunology.  The teacher has not chosen an area to specialize in yet.

Details

Tissue damage can also promote an immune response.  Macrophages in the skin release mediators.

The Goal of the Inflammatory Response

Prevent establishment
Prevent spread of infection
Recruit effector cells
Alert/Mobilize B and T Cells

Alcohol reduces bacterial load.  B and T cells reside in lymphoid tissues.  Antigen needs to reach the B and T cells in the lymphoid.  Then they need to circulate to the site of circulation.

Would you rather give up the innate or adaptive response?

Adaptive response is macrophages.  The level of infection of microorganisms versus duration of infection.  Knock out the adaptive response, level of infection plateaus then increases.  If you knock out the innate response, the body loses control of the infection.  Innate is more important.

If you’d like to get funded, use scare tactics.  Mention bioterrorism, spores in envelopes.  Vaccines take 4 weeks to begin working.  We’d like to rev up the innate immune response and to active macrophages early.

Skin, guts, lungs, eyes and nose protect us from infection.  Stomach pH.  Cilia beating.

Bacterial derived factors match up with their receptors.  Glucan with the glucan receptor, mannose with the mannose receptor.  LPS as well.  CD 14 reacts with TLR to recognize LP.

TLR - Toll like receptor.  Without toll, fruit flies succumbed to massive fungal infection.  We have homologous receptors.  This was discovered in 1996.

HIV activates macrophages.

Langerhans’ cells provide a link between the innate and adaptive immune system.  There are immature dendritic cells lying in the skin.  Post activation, they migrate to the lymph noes and straport skin derivted anigens.  In the lymph nodes, they become activated dendritic cells and activate antigen specific lymphocytes.  An example of innate immune system activating the adaptive immune system.

C reactive protein indicates infection.

How can effector cells be recruited to sites of infection? 

Local site that is infected requires focused signal expression that can recruit specific cells needed to contain infection

Effector cells need the capacity to recognize that these signals can migrate from the circulatory system to the inflammatory site.

Anything with “AM” means adhesion molecule.

Review

n = K liquid (C gas/H – C liquid)

Yagi Antenna – Unidirectional, high gain, 9.07 dBi, spacing, number of elements

E + S = ES = EP = E + P

A index: Long term stability of the Earth’s geomagnetic field

Z index: Short term stability of the Earth’s geomagnetic field

V = IR

Re = pUH/u

2s 6p 10d 14f

Accumulation = Rate In – Rate Out

Germ layers: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm/neural crest

Extraembryological layers: Amnion, Yolk Sac, Allantois, Chorion

Types of tissue repair: fibrosis, regeneration

Levels of theory: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population Muscle: skeletal, smooth, cardiac

PV = nRT

Fibrous eye layer: sclera, cornea

Vascular eye layer: pupil, iris, ciliary body, choroid

Sensory: retina

Interior layers of the eye: retina, choroid, sclera

Brain layers: DAP dia mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

conjectiva – highly vascular, thin layer, mucus membrane

Edge of objects, light intensity and contrast are affected by horizontal and amacrine cells.

Fast pain from myelinated fibers, slow pain from unmyelinated fibers

Cell to Cell Communication from short distance to longest: autocrine, juxtacrine, paracrine, endocrine.

Tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

G = H-TS

K = products/reactants

Brain: diencephalon, brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum

Merkel discs – pressure, light touch

Two cells that improve contrast, edges and light intensity are amacrine and horizontal cells.

Taste buds from cranial nerve 9, 10,7.

Layers of the spinal cord: DAPer Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, and Pia mater.

Brain Waves from fast to slow: alpha, beta, theta, delta

G = H-TS

Blood: RBCs, WBCs, plasma, platelets

K = Products/Reactants

G = -8T lnK

PV = nRT

Muscle: Smooth, Cardiac, Smooth

S P D F – 2s, 6p, 10d, 14f

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) makes proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) makes lipids

Macromolecules: Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates

A Brief Course on Immunology: Lecture 1 Notes

Overview

This is the first of a 14 day series on immunology.  I’m going to run this myself and see what happens.  The teacher is an American jew and the class takes place in Durban, ZA.  The lectures range from 1 hour to 50 minutes long.  This will pass relatively quickly. 

You’ll love it! – he opens with a story from the talmud.  The audience of this class is an affirmative action person’s dream – mostly negros and coloreds.  I saw only a few unmixed whites, all females.

Details

Kill the pathogen but don’t harm the host

This is the essence of immunology.  The rest is particulars.

Bubble boys are born without a functioning immune system.  Air is filtered, food is sterilized.  People with HIV have a similar condition.

Edward Jenner made observations and acted on those observations regarding small pox.  The only host for small pox is humans.  1979 was when small pox was officially eliminated.

The Multiple Layer Immune System

                                       Innate       Acquired

Barrier                            Skin                 Mucosal immunity

Soluble Protein           Complement    Antibodies

Cells                          Phagocytes            B and T cells

Mediators                IL-1, TNF            gamma interferons

Burn patients die from infections.  The skin is the first line of defense. 

The function of the immune system includes: distinguish between foreign and self.  Amplify the foreign nature of the invader.  Recruit helps like microphages.  Clear the pathogen.  Prevent Recurrence, prepare for the future

Immune System Functions

Identification
Designation
Recruitment
Elimination
Prevent recurrence

Sensitivity and Specificity of Detection Determines the Effectiveness of Immune Surveillance.

Immune System Design

Specificity
Diversity
Memory
Demobilization
Distinguish Self from the Other

Targets of the Immune System

Extracellular Bacteria/Parasites/Fungi – Pneumonia, Tetanus

Intracellular Bacteria/Parasites – Tuberculosis

Intracellular Viruses

Extracellular Parasitic Worms – These can be rather large.

CD is cluster of differentiation.  CD 4 is a helper T cell.  Cells express unique membrane proteins identified by monoclonal antibodies.  The nomenclature is CD protein followed by a number.  Signals are involved with the differentiation of B and T cells.

Histology is microscopic anatomy.  No cytoplasm because it is not activated.  Lymphocytes have large nucleus.  Making antibodies is expensive.  Once lymphocyte is activated, alot of mt, ER, and GA are created

What produces the most protection?

A full infection.  There is more proliferation, the infection lasts longer.  Protection may last your entire life.  An attenuated virus is superior to a dead virus.  There is more exposure from an attenuated virus, when protection may last up to 30 years.  Dead viruses will produce protection for about 15 years.  The jew’s students here are cowards and won’t participate; he really has to prod them. 

Finally, there are a wide variety of topics that will be covered in future classes.  They were very briefly touched upon here but include:

Clonal Selection Hypothesis

Development of a Secondary Amplified Response

Always there is a lag phase, a primary response and a secondary response. 

Screwdrivers with different head but the same handles.  The constant region has to fit in your hand.

Different Antigen Recognition Molecules Are Used By T Cells or B Cells

Same job, different ways.

T cells from the Thymus

Lymph Node Organization

Review

Ah, this is still here.  This is compilation of all our old lectures.  Just something to keep the blood pumping, to keep the material fresh.  If you take two minutes to read through this list, the items will remain clear in your mind.  You’ve heard of the 10K – the more times you review, the easier things will become.

n = K liquid (C gas/H – C liquid)

Yagi Antenna – Unidirectional, high gain, 9.07 dBi, spacing, number of elements

E + S = ES = EP = E + P

A index: Long term stability of the Earth’s geomagnetic field

Z index: Short term stability of the Earth’s geomagnetic field

V = IR

Re = pUH/u

2s 6p 10d 14f

Accumulation = Rate In – Rate Out

Germ layers: ectoderm/mesoderm/endoderm/neural crest

Extraembryological layers: Amnion, Yolk Sac, Allantois, Chorion

Types of tissue repair: fibrosis, regeneration

Levels of theory: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population Muscle: skeletal, smooth, cardiac

PV = nRT

Fibrous eye layer: sclera, cornea

Vascular eye layer: pupil, iris, ciliary body, choroid

Sensory: retina

Interior layers of the eye: retina, choroid, sclera

Brain layers: DAP dia mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

conjectiva – highly vascular, thin layer, mucus membrane

Edge of objects, light intensity and contrast are affected by horizontal and amacrine cells.

Fast pain from myleinated fibers, slow pain from unmylienated fibers

Cell to Cell Communication from short distance to longest: autocrine, juxtacrine, paracrine, endocrine.

Tissues: epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

G = H-TS

K = products/reactants

Brain: diencephalon, brainstem, cerebrum, cerebellum

Merkel discs – pressure, light touch

Two cells that improve contrast, edges and light intensity are amacrine and horizontal cells.

Taste buds from cranial nerve 9, 10,7.

Layers of the spinal cord: DAPer Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, and Pia mater.

Brain Waves from fast to slow: alpha, beta, theta, delta

G = H-TS

Blood: RBCs, WBCs, plasma, platelets

K = Products/Reactants

G = -8T lnK

PV = nRT

Muscle: Smooth, Cardiac, Smooth

S P D F – 2s, 6p, 10d, 14f

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) makes proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) makes lipids

Macromolecules: Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates